An analysis of factors affecting translocation outcomes revealed that, despite ongoing predator control, populations at small, unfenced sites on the mainland suffer from dispersal and predation, which has negative demographic and genetic consequences. However, a majority of kiwi translocations have occurred over the last two decades and, while several populations have successfully established, for most of them, it is too soon to assess their medium-long term outcome. Most historical translocations failed or require further genetic and habitat management. Currently, based on these criteria, only a few translocated populations can be considered successful in the medium–long term: 15+ years following the release of a genetically diverse population (40+ unrelated individuals).
These criteria allowed us to categorise historical and recent translocations that were carried out for a wide array of objectives. We developed a set of criteria to evaluate the outcome of introductions and reintroductions based on demographic parameters alongside current recommendations on genetic make-up of translocated populations. Translocations are typically used for creating secure populations and, more recently, for ecosystem restoration objectives and meta-population management. mantelli) was the most translocated species, but the highest impact of translocations on the improvement of conservation status was for the rarest taxa: little spotted kiwi (A. We reviewed 102 kiwi translocations from the 19th century until 2018, and identified factors affecting their outcome.
However, their outcomes remain mostly unpublished, which does not allow for sharing of lessons learnt from past developments. Translocations of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) are one of the most common and growing types of conservation translocations in New Zealand.
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